Term paper writing tips

If you are a student you can not graduate from your academic institution without being assigned to writing a term paper. Normally, full time student have about 5 term papers per semester. It is usually a pretty tough assignment, which needs a lot of time, attention and work. Often students do not even know where to get started. This article will give you several tips on how to make the process easier. First of all you have to understand exactly what you have to write. For several times read and reread the assignment sheet that the teacher has provided you with. If there are any problems in understanding the assignment, do not hesitate to contact the teacher, he/she will always be glad to help you. Every teacher is interested in seeing good results from their students, furthermore if the teacher sees that you are interested in doing it right he will definitely consider this when grading your paper. Teachers like when all instructions are carefully followed; if you want to add something yours, it should better be discussed. So now, when the assignment is understood completely you can get started. There is always enough time given for completing the term paper. Try not to lose time and get started at once. Most students begin working on the paper in the last night; it is not the best choice. The more time you have, the more chances there are to revise and correct the paper because every other time you read your writing, you find something not acceptable that needs to be corrected. It is important to revise the paper. Do not stick on your draft; do not be afraid to revise it!!! Much of your work depends on the topic that you have chosen. The topic should be both and interesting and good enough for research. Sometimes it seems you have found what you needed, but later it appears very hard to write about. So, when choosing the topic for your term paper, try to consider both sides of the coin. In order to alleviate your writing process after you have finally chosen the topic, there is the number of steps that should be followed. Here are the steps for wring the term paper: Finding sources Making notes Arranging notes Writing an outline Writing the draft Revising the paper If these steps are followed in time the term paper will definitely meet the expectations of your professor and yours. Try not to skip any phase; all of them are very important for the writing process, and contain activities that will improve the final result. If these little easy tips are followed, the writing process might become clearer for you, and you will complete your term paper successfully, plus having a lot of satisfaction with your own work and performance.

Macroeconomics and Money - 1584 Words

Economics 736 Business Conditions Analysis Kashian Quiz #1- Spring 2006 1. Suppose that the economy is characterized by the following equations: C = 160 + 0.6 Yd I = 150 G =150 T = 100 a. Solve for GDP (Y) Y = C+I+G Y=160+0.6(Y-100)+150+150 Y = 400 + 0.6Y Y = 1000 b. Disposable Income (Yd) 900 = Y - T c. Consumption Spending C = 160 + 540 = 700 d. If output is equal to 900, calculate total demand. Are we at†¦show more content†¦b. C0 is often called autonomous consumption. What does represent? Anything else (besiders income—such as population or taste) that affects consumption is assumed to enter through autonomous consumption—this shirts the consumption function. c. What does the lower case c called? What does it represent? Does it face any particular restrictions? It represtents the marginal propensity to consume. It is the fration of income which is consumed and it lies between 0 and 1. d. Suppose there was a shift in tastes of consumption. How could that be represented in the equation above? The consumption function would shift as autonomous consumption shifted. 6. Consider the Investment Function: I = I0 − br a. What is I0? What does it represent? It represent autonomous investment (anything that affects investment other than the real interest rate). b. What is b? What does it represent? Are there any parameter restrictions on b? It represents that interest elasticity of investment. It is assumed to be positive (as rates rise, investment falls—note the negative sign) c. What is the intution for the negative relationship between investment and real interest rates? What assumption have we made? The real interest rateShow MoreRelatedEndogenous Money : Implications For The Money Supply Process, Interest Rates, And Macroeconomics Abstract1389 Words   |  6 PagesEndogenous Money: Implications for the Money Supply Process, Interest Rates, and Macroeconomics Abstract Endogenous money represents a mainstay of Post Keynesian (PK) macroeconomics. PK theory challenged monetarism’s description of the money supply process. The focus of PK endogenous money theory is the mechanics of the money supply process. PK theory is itself divided between â€Å"horizontalist† and â€Å"structuralist† approaches to the money supply. Horizontalists believe the behavior of financial institutionsRead MoreThe Reserve Bank Of Australia ( Rba ) Introduced A New Monetary Policy786 Words   |  4 Pagesobjectives of macroeconomics and how do they effect and change the supply of money with interest rate? To make a decision the RBA must examine the economic growth and what guarantees long- run economic growth? 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Proposition of Conceptual Framework †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Proposition of Conceptual Framework. Answer: Introduction The report is about making a financial decision relating to various aspects in which a UK company is selected as a base and then various decisions are made using the stated company. This report is a foreword to board of directors of the Thomas cook group which has a remarkable position in the travel and tourism industry. It also critically examines the various sources of finance which can help the organization for expansion. It also contains a detailed analysis of various pricing strategies and recommendations given to the stated company to apply the most appropriate strategy. It analyses the behavior of costs along with some examples and graphs, where it also includes a brief description of what cost and volume analysis is and how it helps in decision making. This report critically examines the all aspects stated above relating to the stated company and how the stated company applies the same. The Thomas Cook Group in the history of innovation remarked as the best known company in leisure travel. It started in late 1841 by an English man named Thomas Cook. In year 2007 , it merged with My travel which has a major significance as it placed the company to 2nd position in travel and tourism industry. After merger it had a market share of 27% in the travel and tourism industry (Buhalis and Jun, 2011). Merger was made to reduce the debts and cutting the costs which was faced by the company. It also helped to gain economies of scale and also to reduce the competition. In the year 2010, it again made a major move by merging with Cooperative Group; this bought synergies in the business and reduced costs significantly. Due to these mergers the share price increased and stock markets destroyed position recovered (Goeldner and Ritchie, 2012). This organization is in the phase where it has everything organization needs, committed workforce, market standing and a remarkable financial p osition. Sources of finance The most important factors to be considered for growth and business expansion is finance. Without this factor the expansion could not even be thought of. There are various sources of finance but the analysis and recommendations are given Following are the sources of finance through which company can expand- Retained Earnings It is the most common practice to expand via retained earnings. It is companys savings which is not distributed to shareholders and not to itself. It has a merit that we are not required to look for outside financing but its demerit is the finance available for expanding is limited. The stated company has retained earnings of 374m which it can easily use for expanding the customer base (Thomas Cook Group, 2016). Equity Capital- It is the largest source of financing since the only funding which is done in public markets is equity capital. But for equity capital it is important that the company should have successful operations. Since the stated company is one of the best companies in travel and tourism and has a band image it can easily raise money through equity capital (Han and Hyun, 2015). It is even profitable for the company to arrange funds through equity since it has no paying schedules and dividend is totally based on companys performance. Debt Financing- It is one of the main sources of financing. It is less risky than equity share capital because it has a predetermined schedule of payment of interest and principal amount. It is obtained against the cash flow or assets of the firm. It is based on how the company is performing and its growth perspective. The stated company can take debt or not will be clarified only after we calculate debt-equity ratio. The ideal debt equity ratio should be 2. Debt-Equity ratio of the company as per the audit report is 0.25 which is optimal. Company can go for debt financing easily. Cash flow financing Cash flow financing is basically of two types , one is short term financing which covers debt less than one year and the other is long term financing which has a repayment period of more than a year. It is available only to well establish companies. These types of funding are provided by banks, finance companies and insurance companies. There may be some conditions by these companies for providing loan such as keeping minimum cash balance or by limiting the debt. The stated company can go for such financing if it does not want to increase the ownership in the company created by raising equity. Asset based financing- It is the type of financing in which loan is provided against the assets of the company. The assets such as inventory, receivable, stock, equipment and so on. In this the company pledges its assets and if in case default, the lender takes the possession of the asset. Since the stated company has lot assets and can easily acquire loans by pledging the same it can easily go for such type of financing. Internally generated Financing Some careful activities can lead to considerable financing without borrowing it with any source. These activities can be collecting bills on time, obtaining credit notes from suppliers so that substantial time may be available for the same, reducing inventories and keeping minimum cash balance and selling off assets. By these strategies company can make its financing by regularizing the administration. Smart Leases - It is a source of financing in which assets are taken on lease so that cash is saved for working capital. But this source of finance can be risky in some companies. It may also be seen that sometimes lease rates are higher than bank loan so it will be of no use to pay more when a down payment can get u an asset. So the stated company should not go for such financing. Behavior of costs The production costs which change with the change in level of production is called as Cost by behavior. It consists of three main types of costs which are described as under Fixed Costs- the cost which does not change with the change in the level of activity is called as fixed costs. These are those costs which will occur even if there is nil or no production in the organization. It is the costs which has inverse relationship with the quantity that is with the increase in quantity the cost decreases and vice versa. . It is important to understand that the high proportion of fixed cost means that business is continuing at relatively high revenue level to sustain in the business (Shephard, 2012). Examples of fixed costs are amortization costs, depreciation, insurance interest expense rent, property taxes salaries and other utilities. The above figure describes the relationship between total fixed cost and the number of units produced. It can be seen that fixed cost remains constant irrespective of units produces. And the other figure shows us that with the increase in production fixed costs decreases (Papista, and Krystallis, 2013). Variable Costs- It is the cost which changes with the change in production. It means that it is in direct proportion with levels of production. But variable costs in total are different but per unit of variable costs remain constant. These costs will not be incurred if the company has nil production. It is important to understand that the high proportion of variable cost means that business is continuing at relatively low revenue level (Farrow and Zerbe, 2013). Example of variable costs is direct materials, labour charges, production supplies, commissions, freight, credit card fees, and billable staff wages and so on. The above figures depict the relationship of units produced with the variable costs. With the increase in production the variable cost also increases. Whereas the other figure depicts that the variable cost remains constant in per unit but varies in total as divided by number of units (Jaafar et al, 2011). Mixed Costs- This cost is the cost which has a characteristic of both fixed and variable costs because of presence in both fixed and variable components in it. There is various cost behavior techniques used to split the cost between the fixed and variable components. These techniques are high-low method, scattered diagram method and regression analysis. It is also known as semi variable costs. Examples of mixed costs can be a telephone bill since it is fixed up to line cost and subscription charges and then changes with the usage that is per minute cost. Another example can be delivery cost which consists of fixed cost of depreciation and variable cost as fuel (Drury, 2013). Importance of CVP analysis in decision making function For organization success it is very important to implement cost management and to implement a cost structure. Cost volume profit analysis also known as CVP analysis is used as decision making tool in the company. It is a cost accounting method used to calculate the breakeven point in cost and volume of goods. The emphasis of this tool is laid down because it helps the manager to estimate the future cost, revenue, expenses other associated costs and profit. It helps to monitor the level of activity in the production (Chitty, 2012). It also helps in avoiding loss, estimating target profit and maximizes the production. It is one of the essential parts of profit planning process in the organization. It also helps in evaluating the reasonableness and budgets.it helps the management to understand the most important objective by combination of costs and volume (Martin, Nunez and Castle, 2011). Pricing strategies and its recommendation Setting a pricing strategy for tourism is a mix of marketing strategy and financial analysis. When expansion is done it is to be taken care that pricing of the product is lower than a long term pricing since to attract volume and set up the brand in the industry (Becerra, Santalo and Silva, 2013). Pricing strategy consists of various components such as rack rates which means full time rates before offering any discount, the other is seasonal pricing which means a mix of pricing which depends upon the different levels of demand during the year and the last one is last minute pricing which is the last minute discounting prices to fill up the vacancy and promoted on last minute booking sites (Hosni et al., 2013) Per- person pricing- this type of pricing is commonly used by tour operators, backpackers. It may include adult, children and senior citizens. Per-unit pricing- this is the set of price quoted for one unit. For example an accommodation is given for 2 people with a per unit package without diving the same in per person rates. Single or double occupancy- It works on single rate or double rate and the double rate is not the double in numeric terms of the single rate. The pricing strategy to be followed by Thomas cook group depends totally on the expansion strategy they adopt. The sources of finance they select and accordingly the other aspects will be considered (Mina, 2014). Conclusion This report critically examines the case of a famous and prominent company of travel and tourism known as Thomas Cook Group. The report is prepared to present the board of directors with the plan of expansion of the companys operations and for the purpose of which various sources of finance is being described. The recommendations suitable to the company are also provided. Later in the report the discussion is made of various types of behavioral costs and the graphs and examples are stated for clear understanding of the concept.it is also clarified in the report about various pricing strategies available with the company and which should be selected for efficient and effective implementation of expansion. It is also clarified that this report is just based on the facts as per the auditors report there may be several conditions which are present in the organization but is not reflected in the auditors report. There are various factors which affects the expansion strategy of the organiz ation but this report considers only three aspects which includes sources of finance, decision making using CVP analysis, the behavioral costs related pricing strategies. References Becerra, M., Santalo, J. and Silva, R., 2013. Being better vs. being different: Differentiation, competition, and pricing strategies in the Spanish hotel industry.Tourism Management,34, pp.71-79. Buhalis, D. and Jun, S.H., 2011. E-tourism.Contemporary tourism reviews, pp.1-38. Chitty, J., 2012.Chitty on contracts: General principles(Vol. 1). Sweet Maxwell. Drury, C., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Farrow, S. and Zerbe, R., 2013.Principles and Standards for benefit-cost analysis. Edward Elgar Publishing. Goeldner, C.R. and Ritchie, J.B., 2012. Tourism: principles, practices, philosophies (No. Ed. 12). John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Han, H. and Hyun, S.S., 2015. Customer retention in the medical tourism industry: Impact of quality, satisfaction, trust, and price reasonableness. Tourism Management, 46, pp.20-29. Hosni, A., Rhemann, C., Bleyer, M., Rother, C. and Gelautz, M., 2013. Fast cost-volume filtering for visual correspondence and beyond. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 35(2), pp.504-511. Jaafar, M., Abdul-Aziz, A.R., Maideen, S.A. and Mohd, S.Z., 2011. Entrepreneurship in the tourism industry: Issues in developing countries. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4), pp.827-835. Martin, A.D., Nunez, R.N. and Castle, E.P., 2011. Robot-assisted radical cystectomy versus open radical cystectomy: a complete cost analysis.Urology,77(3), pp.621-625. Mina, W., 2014. United Arab Emirates FDI Outlook. The World Economy, 37(12), pp.1716-1730. Papista, E. and Krystallis, A., 2013. Investigating the types of value and cost of green brands: proposition of a conceptual framework.Journal of Business Ethics,115(1), pp.75-92. Shephard, R.W., 2012. Cost and production functions (Vol. 194). Springer Science Business Media.

Kurt Cobain (820 words) Essay Example For Students

Kurt Cobain (820 words) Essay Kurt CobainFor our modern day hero we used the singer and songwriter Kurt Cobain from the band Nirvana. This punk Seattle band moved almost mainstream almost overnight. Nirvana caught on fast and changed rock and roll music forever and molded the music of the 90s, alternative. Cobain had an enormous amount of talent but unfortunately his life was cut short by a still controversial suicide in his Seattle home. On April 9, 1994, his body was discovered. He is a hero for many of todays troubled youth because his music influences how these troubled kids feel. They are able relate to Cobain and his music. Kurt Cobain was born in 1967. He lived with his sister and parents two hundred miles away from Seattle in the small logging town of Aberdine. His aunt, who helped him form his first band, introduced him to music at a very young age. His parents divorced when Kurt was only seven years old. Torn up by his parents divorce, he went to live with his mother in a trailer. After the divorce, Kur t was forced to look at his life in a different light. Kurt became extremely anti-social, had few friends, and was picked on in school because kids thought he was gay or weird. Kurt started writing poetry at the age of thirteen, and when he was 14, he received his first guitar. Throughout high school he was in many bands- Fecal Matter, Skid Row, Brown Cow, The Sellouts and Pencap Chew. He formed Nirvana during his senior year of high school with his friends Chris Novoselic and Dave Grohl who Kurt called ?the worlds best drummer.? Shortly after the band was formed, Kurt dropped out of high school, and his mother kicked him out of the house. Homeless, he lived under a bridge at the end of his street. It was here that he would spend time alone writing his own songs. From his parents divorce to his mother pushing him out of the house, Kurt had become even more alienated from other people and life. He was very detached. Kurt hated the music of big rock bands like the Sex Pistols, Rolling Stones and Aerosmith. He felt their lyrics were sexist and pointless with no meaning. Kurt was a very sensitive and emotional person, a characteristic that showed through all of his songs. Eventually he became so famous that he a cult following. The songs exemplified the kids world. In the song ?Dumb? Kurt sings, ?I think Im dumb? over and over again to show how his years of neglect from his peers at high school and his family made him feel as if he was to blame. Kids relate to his music because it portrays how the world was so cruel and how he and the kids were treated badly. He was responsible for the most creative rock music of the last decade. Kurt didnt have to hide behind face paint or wear tight clothes to grab attention as the other rock stars. He wore fla nnels and jeans, something that every other kid wore, and he wasnt ashamed by it. In one song ?Come As You Are? Kurt sings ?Come as you are as I want you to be.? He wanted to show the youth that they dont have to follow the crowd and do something someone else wants them to do to fit in. Every modern alternative song has a tint of ?Nirvanaism? in it. Just like bands that followed the Beatles, many groups that followed Cobain tried to sound or copy his same music pattern. In his music he didnt communicate in complete sentences or elaborate arguments. Instead his lyrics were a stream of conscious insights that inspired and appealed to the short attention span of his audience. We picked Kurt Cobain as a hero because he is different than the conventional hero who just goes out and saves lives. Kurt was an emotional leader for the troubled youth, and he gave them a place to escape from a life that was hard to live. His music gave them a hideaway from the harsh realities of the real world. All they had to do was listen, and they felt instant relief because they knew that not only they felt the way they did. They could relate to Kurt and his fragile emotions. In the song ?Rape Me? Kurt sings; ?Rape me, my friend. Rape me again. Im not the only one. Hate me. Do it and do it again. Waste me. Taste me, my friend. My favorite inside source, Ill kiss your open sores. Appreciate your concern. Youll always stink and burn.? This shows how he believed society took advantage of him because he was weak and emotional. These kids relate to Kurt. Kurt once said that he would rather be in pain than fame. His words and music make him a modern day hero. .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276 , .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276 .postImageUrl , .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276 , .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276:hover , .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276:visited , .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276:active { border:0!important; } .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276:active , .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276 .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua8f7a3d3d91ff22d487105490d1dc276:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reflection on Mentorships EssayMusic Essays

Metallic Minerals free essay sample

MATALLIC MENIRALS ROLL NO: 07 Metallic Minerals On an auspicious day, sometime around a million years ago, a member of the Homo habilis species stood erect and walked steadily on his two feet and his two hands became totally free. A new species – Homo erectus—began its journey on a new evolutionary track. This great change took around four million years after his ancestors – the hominids — broke free from the lineage of  apes and chimpanzees. But , perhaps for the next seven to eight hundred thousand years, the descendants of that first Homo erectus kept wondering about what to do with the two free hands apart from holding bones and logs of wood. That was till someone picked up a stone and threw it to some animal – probably because he was scared and was trying to defend himself, or because he was hungry and wanted to get some flesh to eat. But unconsciously, he began the gainful use of a mineral, and unconsciously again, began the evolution of a new  species –Homo sapiens, the modern man. We will write a custom essay sample on Metallic Minerals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Evolving down the generations, man learnt to be choosy in picking up the stones; he realized that all stones are not good for his needs; he tried and erred, and through innumerable trials and errors spanning over tens and hundreds of thousands of  years, finally he zeroed in on a sharp-edged hard mineral that we have named flint. With the sharp edges of flint, he could tear animals for hide and flesh; and much later, he could make knives and axes and spear heads. Flint became the backbone of economy. He began digging the earth, taking out new treasures and burning them. Thus was produced, some 6000 years ago, a new mineral, and from that a new material to which, much later, we have given the name copper metal. And that day began the Copper Age. In fact, this was the beginning of both mining and metallurgy. Not satisfied with copper any longer than a few hundred years, he began experiments with other metallic ores like tin, zinc and lead, and with a stroke of metallurgical genius, produced bronze. In the next two thousand years, by now, he knew about gold and silver also — not so  much for industrial usage, but more for ornaments and amulets. Then came that wonder metal called iron. Man entered not only the Iron Age, but also what is known as the New World. Iron continues to be the backbone of economy even today, supported not just by copper, tin zinc, lead, gold and silver, but by a host of other metals. Although flint has survived the ages and still lives today — in name at least — in some cigarette lighters, we no longer use it for getting energy. Coal, petroleum, natural gas and uranium are the sources of energy now. But compared to the thousands of years of history of copper, lead, zinc tin, gold, silver and iron, the oldest amongst these energy minerals i. e. , coal, has come to our life in a big way, only within the past 400 years or so. And we must not forget that for mining and using these energy minerals — and, in fact, all the minerals that we use today – we need machines, we need metals, we need metallic minerals – in America, in Europe, in China, in India. Even if we do not mine the metals, they still enter from soil into plants and through plants into the cells, tissues and organs of human bodies, to help the humans live healthily. Such is the importance of  metals and metallic minerals in industry, in economy and in human life. From any mineral we do not get a metal. The minerals, from which we get metals, are called ores. Amongst the ores, there are many which are used only for extraction of metals, and there is no other use of them. There are also a few ores which have multiple uses. Of course the most important use is to extract their metal contents, but they can also be used straightaway for making industrial products. As a matter of convention, these are called metallic minerals in economic and statistical circles, to distinguish them from energy minerals and industrial minerals, which are not at all used for extraction of any metal. Examples of such metallic minerals are bauxite, hematite, chromite etc. The importance of these metallic minerals in Indian economy can be gauged from the fact that during the financial year ending March 2006, the total value of production of such minerals was 89. 3 billion rupees i. e. , about 12% of the total value of production of all minerals which was 751. 22 billion rupees and this despite the fact that the value of the metals has not been accounted for in these statistics. But again, the value of metals cannot just be  measured in terms of  rupees; we should also think what would have  happened without the metals. The re would not have been any industry, there would not have been any agriculture, and there would not have been any civilization. What are the uses of some Metallic Minerals? Metals such as nickel, copper and zinc are fundamentally important to modern society since they are used for an endless variety of purposes. A few examples are listed below: * Copper: Copper Pipe, Electrical Wires, Canadian Penny * Nickel: Stainless Steel, Cars And Trucks Frames, Batteries * Titanium: Artificial Joints And Surgical Instruments, Airplane Structures * Iron: Bridges, Car And Truck Frames, Axes, Tools, Steel Girders * Platinum: Petrochemical Industry To Make Gas And Purify Oil, Catalytic Converters On Cars And Trucks To Reduce Emissions * Zinc: Galvanized Nails And Cars Lead: Wet Cell Batteries * Gold: Jewellery, Electrical Wiring Why is a particular metal or a metallic mineral used to perform a particular function or to make a particular product? That is because every metal possesses a unique combination of physical and chemical properties, and in this respect no two metals or two minerals are exactly the same. So a particular use of a metal or a mineral can be best und erstood if the use is linked to the particular set of physical and chemical criteria. Now, gone are the days when all the rich near-surface deposits of metallic minerals were there asking to be dug out and processed for extraction of their metal contents. Those deposits are all finished during the last thousands of years. Today, we are left with only the poor grade minerals from deep-seated deposits for our needs of metals. Can we use any grade of a mineral for recovering its metal value? The answer is yes and no. The answer is yes, because firstly, man is not the producer of the mineral. The mineral was produced by nature hundreds of millions of years ago and stored in safe custody within rocks of  the earth; what man does is only draw some quantity from nature’s store house; and so, he has to accept whatever grade nature has created and whatever, out of the nature’s treasure house, his forefathers have left for him. Secondly, recovery of metals from its minerals depend not on the grades alone, but on an interplay of four factors namely grade of the mineral, grades of other input materials for its processing, technology and prices of the final products based on the metal. Out of  these, the price is determined by the market forces of demand-supply on which the producer has no control. But the other three factors are in the  domain of the producer; he may mine a high  grade mineral at a high cost, and use low grades of other input materials and employ low level technology to recover only a part of its rich metal value, or he may choose to mine an easily available low-grade mineral at low cost, and use high grades of other input materials and employ high level technology to recover almost the whole of whatever metal values are contained in the mineral. The answer is no, because at a given point of time there is a particular technology developed, and only one particular set of input materials with fixed qualities are available for processing a mineral. So, only one particular grade of the mineral can be processed with that technology and with those input materials, and only that particular grade has to be used at that point of time. The story does not, however, end with processing a mineral, recovering its metal values and using those metals for producing various consumer products. Nature has not given us minerals containing all metals, and nothing else. In exceptional cases, some pure gold nuggets were found, but they have all been taken away by our forefathers. As it stands today, though there are some metallic minerals like hematite with more than 65% of metal value, there are others that contain less than one percent. What happen to the huge quantities of material that are left out after the metal values are recovered? Such material may, in some cases, be even up to 99% or more of what is mined. Those are generally referred to as waste materials. Then there are wastages at the stage of manufacturing the consumer products out of the metals and the consumers themselves waste a lot of those products during and after their use. In fact, wastes generate at every stage of  economic activity, but it has been the experience that yesterday’s waste is today’s asset and today’s waste will be tomorrow’s asset. This happens because the developments in technology are not only about recovering the metals, they are also about utilization of the so called wastes. After all, technology is for minimizing the costs at every level starting from mining of the mineral down to the final consumption, so that at every stage the cost is less than the market price. There is another dimension of the usage of metals and minerals – substitution. Though there are some metals which are indispensable in certain uses, there are also some which can be replaced by some other material in a use. This happens if the cost advantages of using a metal vis-a-vis its performance are lost and a cheaper and/or better material becomes available. A metal can be substituted either by another metal (e. g. , copper by aluminium in electrical transmission wire) or by a non-metallic substance (e. g. , aluminium by plastics in construction material). Distribution of Metallic Minerals World Mineral Map (Metallic) Indian mineral map (metallic)

The 5 Ethical Considerations in Sociological Research

The 5 Ethical Considerations in Sociological Research Ethics are self-regulatory guidelines for making decisions and defining professions. By establishing ethical codes, professional organizations maintain the integrity of the profession, define the expected conduct of members, and protect the welfare of subjects and clients. Moreover, ethical codes give professionals direction when confronting ethical dilemmas or confusing situations. A case in point is a scientists decision whether to intentionally deceive subjects or inform them about the true risks or goals of a controversial but much-needed experiment. Many organizations, such as the American Sociological Association, establish ethical principles and guidelines. The vast majority of todays social scientists abide by their respective organizations ethical principles. 5 Ethical Considerations in Sociological Research The American Sociological Associations (ASAs) Code of Ethics sets forth the principles and ethical standards that underlie sociologists professional responsibilities and conduct. These principles and standards should be used as guidelines when examining everyday professional activities. They constitute normative statements for sociologists and provide guidance on issues that sociologists may encounter in their professional work. The ASA’s Code of Ethics contains five general principles and explanations. Professional Competence Sociologists strive to maintain the highest levels of competence in their work; they recognize the limitations of their expertise; and they undertake only those tasks for which they are qualified by education, training, or experience. They recognize the need for ongoing education in order to remain professionally competent; and they utilize the appropriate scientific, professional, technical, and administrative resources needed to ensure competence in their professional activities. They consult with other professionals when necessary for the benefit of their students, research participants, and clients. Integrity Sociologists are honest, fair, and respectful of others in their professional activities- in research, teaching, practice, and service. Sociologists do not knowingly act in ways that jeopardize either their own or others professional welfare. Sociologists conduct their affairs in ways that inspire trust and confidence; they do not knowingly make statements that are false, misleading, or deceptive. Professional and Scientific Responsibility Sociologists adhere to the highest scientific and professional standards and accept responsibility for their work. Sociologists understand that they form a community and show respect for other sociologists even when they disagree on theoretical, methodological, or personal approaches to professional activities. Sociologists value the public trust in sociology and are concerned about their ethical behavior and that of other sociologists that might compromise that trust. While endeavoring always to be collegial, sociologists must never let the desire to be collegial outweigh their shared responsibility for ethical behavior. When appropriate, they consult with colleagues in order to prevent or avoid unethical conduct. Respect for People’s Rights, Dignity, and Diversity Sociologists respect the rights, dignity, and worth of all people. They strive to eliminate bias in their professional activities, and they do not tolerate any forms of discrimination based on age; gender; race; ethnicity; national origin; religion; sexual orientation; disability; health conditions; or marital, domestic, or parental status. They are sensitive to cultural, individual, and role differences in serving, teaching, and studying groups of people with distinctive characteristics. In all of their work-related activities, sociologists acknowledge the rights of others to hold values, attitudes, and opinions that differ from their own. Social Responsibility   Sociologists are aware of their professional and scientific responsibility to the communities and societies in which they live and work. They apply and make public their knowledge in order to contribute to the public good. When undertaking research, they strive to advance the science of sociology and to serve the public good. References CliffsNotes.com. (2011). Ethics in Sociological Research. cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26845.html American Sociological Association. (2011). asanet.org/about/ethics.cfm

Search and Seizures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Search and Seizures - Essay Example In Mapp V Ohio,2 the court held that this constitutional duty applies against both the state and the Federal government. It does this by prohibiting unreasonable searches and seizures from being conducted by federal and state law enforcement agencies. A search is an infringement of the right to privacy while seizures interfere with the possessory rights of the individuals, including right to property ownership. The Fourth Amendment permits reasonable searches and seizures. For a search to be legally carried out, it is subject to the proviso that a search warrant has to be issued by a judge. An application for search warrant has to be supported by an oath or affirmation, and to specifically state the place to be searched or the things or persons to be seized. For the judge to issue a search warrant, he must satisfy himself that there is a probable cause, that is, reasonable cause to believe that the law enforcement agencies can find evidence of commission of a crime. Nevertheless, suc h a search has to be individualized, targeting individuals and not generalized. There are exemptions for the warrant requirements as far as entry into private residences by police is concerned. To begin with, if the owner of the residence consents, such entry shall not be illegal under the fourth amendment because of absence of a warrant. However, such warrant must be given voluntarily, and be unequivocal and specific. Consequently, consent obtained by duress or coercion fails this criterion. The person who gives the consent has to be the owner of the residence. Similarly, a third party can give the consent for the law enforcement agencies to search a house or premises subject to the proviso that they own or lawfully occupy such premises. In Georgia v. Randolph,3 the court held that where the residents are two and both are present, if one of them objects to consent while the other consents, the objection by one of them shall override the consent. To add, an officer can enter a priva te house or residence without warrant, in times of emergency. The search however shall be subject to the existence of exigent circumstances and the law enforcers must have a probable cause. Such a circumstance shall exist where a law enforcement agent needs to take a compelling action but lacks the required time to acquire a warrant. In Mincey V Arizona,4 the court stated that, â€Å"we hold a reasonable, and warrantless search of the scene of a homicide, or of a serious personal injury with likelihood of death where there is reason to suspect foul play-does not violate the fourth amendment of the United States Constitution where the law enforcement officers were illegally on the premises in the first instance†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Nevertheless, for such a search to be reasonable within the Fourth Amendment it has to be limited to the purpose of only determining the circumstances of death and the scope must never exceed what is necessary to fulfill that purpose. In addition, it must commen ce within reasonable period following the time when the officials learn of the murder. Evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendm